Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limited

Links are shown as observed in a source registry — we do not currently hold ownership end dates, so a link here may since have ended. Each row carries its source; check it before relying on currency.

Every officer, person with significant control and cross-company role we hold, resolved into one entry per party. Roles are registry records, not a claim of control.

• ●

  ALPHARIDER LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Ng, Kam Tongdirector of
  • Ng, Kam Tongshareholder of
• ●

  Alro Accessory Corp.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Tsai, San-Yaodirector of
  • Tsai, San-Yaosecretary of
  • Tsai, San-Yaoshareholder of
• ●

  Amayi International Corporation

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • Bearershareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Wu, Chiu-Hsuehshareholder of

  +1 more company
• ●

  AND SYSTEM CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Wei, Hung Lidirector of
• ●

  Atek Display Technology (Samoa) Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • FU, TA-HSINGdirector of
  • FU, TA-HSINGsecretary of
  • Atek Technology Limitedshareholder of
• ●

  BEST FUTURE HOLDING LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Leung Yuk Kingdirector of
  • Leung Yuk Kingshareholder of
  • Kwong Kwok Leungdirector of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  BEST GRADE CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Lin Yudirector of
• ●

  BESTLUCK ENTERPRISE LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Chen, I-Shengdirector of
  • Chen, I-Shengshareholder of
• ●

  Billions Century Assets Management Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Ho, Wei Lingdirector of
  • Ho, Wei Lingsecretary of
  • Ho, Wei Lingshareholder of
• ●

  BRIGHT INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Lu, Li-Fangdirector of
  • Lu, Li-Fangsecretary of
  • Lu, Li-Fangshareholder of
• ●

  BRIGHTIME GROUP LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Chao, Sung-Mingdirector of
• ●

  Capital Biotech Limited

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Wu Meng-Chuandirector of
  • Wu Meng-Chuanshareholder of
• ●

  Charles Boreh

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Value Additions Ltdshareholder of
• ●

  CHEERSTAR INVESTMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • Bearershareholder of
  • PACAS Business Management Limiteddirector of
  • PACAS Business Management Limitedsecretary of

  +1 more company
• ●

  Chuan-Yang International Inc.

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • Lin, Hsieh-Nanshareholder of
  • Lai, Chien-Fangdirector of
  • Lai, Chien-Fangsecretary of

  +1 more company
• ●

  CITY GROUP LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Liu, Charlene Chendirector of
  • Liu, Charlene Chenshareholder of
  • Hsieh, Meng-Nishareholder of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  CREATIVE SYNERGY GROUP LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • KONG Yim To Emilydirector of
  • KONG Yim To Emilysecretary of
  • KONG Yim To Emilyshareholder of
• ●

  CT CORP.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Chen, Che-Hongdirector of
  • Chen, Che-Hongsecretary of
  • Chen, Che-Hongshareholder of
• ●

  Delightech Co., Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 6 other companies

  • Cheng, Huan-Yushareholder of
  • Wang, Yen-Pinshareholder of
  • Lee, Fu-Hanshareholder of

  +3 more companies
• ●

  DORI INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Wu Tseng, Yu-Chudirector of
• ●

  E-LINK INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • HUANG, YEN-JUdirector of
  • HUANG, YEN-JUsecretary of
  • HUANG, YEN-JUshareholder of
• ●

  Empire Co., Limited

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Tsai, Shwu-Lingdirector of
  • Tsai, Shwu-Lingshareholder of
  • Professional Holdings Ltd.secretary of
• ●

  ETERNAL BRIGHT INDUSTRIAL CORP.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Tu, Tsung-Yuandirector of
  • Tu, Tsung-Yuansecretary of
  • Tu, Tsung-Yuanshareholder of
• ●

  FAME TRADE INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Lai, Chun-Tiendirector of
  • Lai, Chun-Tiensecretary of
  • Lai, Chun-Tienshareholder of
• ●

  FOREVER JADE GROUP LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 11 other companies

  • Wu, Yuan-Yuanshareholder of
  • Chen, Yi-Dershareholder of
  • Bearershareholder of

  +8 more companies
• ●

  FOREVER TRADING CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Chan, Hui-Yadirector of
• ●

  Fortunatus Investment, Inc.

  Also holds roles at 9 other companies

  • Tong Shin Corporationshareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Changement Invetsment Co., Inc.shareholder of

  +6 more companies
• ●

  GAIA COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Tseng Tzu-Liangdirector of
  • Tseng Tzu-Liangshareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  Gemma Inc.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Chien, Chi-Liangdirector of
  • CHEN, CHI-LIANGshareholder of
• ●

  GEO TEXTILE & GARMENTS ENTERPRISES LTD.

  Also holds roles at 6 other companies

  • PAYMAN, JAVAHERIshareholder of
  • Lin, Kuo-Chengdirector of
  • Lin, Kuo-Chengsecretary of

  +3 more companies
• ●

  GLADEN INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Wang, Fu-Shengdirector of
  • Wang, Fu-Shengsecretary of
  • Wang, Fu-Shengshareholder of
• ●

  Global Logistic Investment Limited

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Rapid Win Holding Inc.director of
  • Rapid Win Holding Inc.shareholder of
• ●

  GLOBAL VIEW INVESTMENT LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Huang, Chen-Yuandirector of
  • Huang, Chen-Yuansecretary of
  • FREETREND INDUSTRIAL LTDshareholder of
• ●

  GOLDEN RAINBOW GROUP LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • SHEN, RUE-CHIENsecretary of
  • Skylight Investment Limitedshareholder of
  • Shen, Hsiu-Meidirector of
• ●

  GOOD MIND HOLDING LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Lin, Chi-Yangdirector of
• ●

  GOOD PROFIT DEVELOPMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Upbest Finance Company Limiteddirector of
  • Upbest Finance Company Limitedshareholder of
• ●

  GRAND VIEW INVESTMENT LTD.

  Also holds roles at 6 other companies

  • Huang, Chen-Yuandirector of
  • Huang, Chen-Yuansecretary of
  • FREETREND INDUSTRIAL LTDshareholder of

  +3 more companies
• ●

  Great Sun Industries Co., Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • Dou Xingdirector of
  • Dou Xingshareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of

  +1 more company
• ●

  Guy, Robert EUGENE

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • LEGACY FINANCE LIMITEDshareholder of
• ●

  HAJINE INTERNATIONAL CORP.

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • CHANG LIU, YU-MEIshareholder of
  • Lin, Kuo-Shoudirector of
  • Lin, Kuo-Shousecretary of

  +1 more company
• ●

  Harmon International Ltd

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Lin Cheng, Min-Longdirector of
  • Lin Cheng, Min-Longshareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
• ●

  HARVEST ENTERPRISE LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • CHEN, LUNG-CHUNdirector of
  • CHEN, LUNG-CHUNsecretary of
  • CHEN, LUNG-CHUNshareholder of
• ●

  HEALTH LEADER ENTERPRISE LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 7 other companies

  • CHANG, LIAO-CHUANdirector of
  • CHANG, LIAO-CHUANsecretary of
  • TOP WiNNING ENTERPRISE CO., LTD.shareholder of

  +4 more companies
• ●

  HEYDAY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • Chien, Hui-Huadirector of
  • Tsai, Hsiu-Yudirector of
  • Chang, Hung-Wendirector of

  +1 more company
• ●

  HUGE IMPERIAL TRADING LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Sine Nomine Nominees Ltdshareholder of
  • Au Wai Kwandirector of
  • Au Wai Kwansecretary of
• ●

  HUGE LINE INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 17 other companies

  • TU, CHIH-CHENGshareholder of
  • Chen, Mei-Lishareholder of
  • Chen, Hsuan-Juishareholder of

  +14 more companies
• ●

  ICT Global Resources Inc.

  Also holds roles at 8 other companies

  • Kao, Tien-Pingdirector of
  • Kao, Tien-Pingshareholder of
  • LIAO, TE-WUdirector of

  +5 more companies
• ●

  JADE FORTUNE INVESTMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Pearl Gate Holdings Ltd.director of
  • Pearl Gate Holdings Ltd.secretary of
  • Pearl Gate Holdings Ltd.shareholder of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  JOIN BUSINESS CORPORATION

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • TSAI, YU-WENshareholder of
  • WU, CHUN-HSIENdirector of
  • WU, CHUN-HSIENsecretary of

  +1 more company
• ●

  JOY OCEAN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Harrison Bach Tudirector of
  • Harrison Bach Tushareholder of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  LIGHT YEAR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • ONG Lai Neo Audreydirector of
  • ONG Lai Neo Audreyshareholder of
  • PA Corporate Advisory Services Limitedsecretary of
• ●

  LIGHT YEAR INVESTMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • TMF SECRETARIAL SERVICES LIMITEDsecretary of
  • Carissa Limiteddirector of
  • Richard Owen Pyvisshareholder of
• ●

  Lim Chee Kiat

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Global Solutions Limitedshareholder of
• ●

  Lin Shu Chen

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • CONVENTRY HOLDING COMPANY LTDshareholder of
• ●

  Lin Shu-Jiuan, Cheng Yu-Pao, Lin Shu-Hua & others

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • FAMILY ASSET INVESTMENT COMPANY LTDshareholder of
• ●

  LOYAL FAITH INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • HSU, CHAO-CHUNGdirector of
  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • HSU, CHAO-CHUNGshareholder of
• ●

  MAX WILL MANAGEMENT SERVICES LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Dectra (Samoa) Limiteddirector of
  • Dectra (Samoa) Limitedshareholder of
• ●

  Maxstar Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Maxstar Corporationdirector of
  • Maxstar Corporationsecretary of
  • Maxstar Corporationshareholder of
• ●

  Maya Perusa Investment, Inc.

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Fortunatus Investment, Incshareholder of
  • TAGAWA HIROAKIshareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  MEGAWIN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Qiu Zhengdirector of
  • Qiu Zhengshareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  Mercer International Inc.

  Also holds roles at 7 other companies

  • Repurchase of Sharesshareholder of
  • STAR WORLD (SAMOA) Holding Inc.director of
  • STAR WORLD (SAMOA) Holding Inc.shareholder of

  +4 more companies
• ●

  Midwest Industrial Technologies Co., Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • LIAO, HUI-CHUANdirector of
  • LIAO, HUI-CHUANsecretary of
  • LIAO, HUI-CHUANshareholder of
• ●

  MiguelAngel Group Corp.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • CHANG, CHAU-LUNdirector of
  • CHANG, CHAU-LUNsecretary of
  • CHANG, CHAU-LUNshareholder of
• ●

  Mikado Pheasant Investment, Inc.

  Also holds roles at 7 other companies

  • STAR THOMAS CORPORATIONshareholder of
  • Tong Shin Corporationshareholder of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of

  +4 more companies
• ●

  Navigator Development Holdings Corporation

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Wu, Mu-Hengsecretary of
  • Lee Chain-Chengdirector of
  • Navigator Emerging Market Development Corporationshareholder of
• ●

  Ng Thiam Chye and Ong Chin Seng

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Time Inspire Holding Limitedshareholder of
• ●

  NU-BIO TECH INC.

  Also holds roles at 11 other companies

  • KUO, Shih-Tingshareholder of
  • Lin, Jinn-Tsairshareholder of
  • Hsieh, Wen-Chishareholder of

  +8 more companies
• ●

  Orbis Unum, Inc.

  Also holds roles at 8 other companies

  • Lightwave Investment Co., Inc.shareholder of
  • Tong Shin Corporationshareholder of
  • Wu Tong-Shengdirector of

  +5 more companies
• ●

  Pan-Elite Co., Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 9 other companies

  • Weng, Yu-Wenshareholder of
  • Lo, Tsai-Yunshareholder of
  • Weng, Wei Chih Ericshareholder of

  +6 more companies
• ●

  PEARL OCEAN DEVELOPMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • Pan, Pai-Hungdirector of
  • Pan, Pai-Hungsecretary of
  • Pan, Pai-Hungshareholder of

  +1 more company
• ●

  PERFECT GIANT INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • HSU, CHAO-CHUNGdirector of
  • HSU, CHAO-CHUNGsecretary of
  • HSU, CHAO-CHUNGshareholder of

  +1 more company
• ●

  Phoenixtec International Trade Co., Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Tsai, Feng-Wendirector of
• ●

  PRIME CAPITAL INVESTMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • SHEN, RUE-CHIENsecretary of
  • Skylight Investment Limitedshareholder of
  • Shen, Hsiu-Meidirector of
• ●

  PROWELL TECH CORPORATION LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • LIN, WEI-JUdirector of
  • LIN, WEI-JUshareholder of
  • T & J INTERNATIONAL LIMITEDsecretary of
• ●

  RAINBOW STAR DEVELOPMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Chao Tsan WUdirector of
  • Chao Tsan WUshareholder of
• ●

  RENOWN INTERNATIONAL CORP.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Chi, Su-Yuandirector of
  • Chi, Su-Yuansecretary of
  • Chi, Su-Yuanshareholder of
• ●

  RI TZONG ENTERPRISE CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 2 other companies

  • Huang, Chin-Hsinsecretary of
  • Huang, Chin-Hsinshareholder of
• ●

  SANG YIIH TRADING CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Wang, Hui-Lingdirector of
• ●

  SHEEN WELL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Wu Yang Huey-Terdirector of
• ●

  SILVERCREST INVESTMENT GROUP LTD.

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Chao Tsan WUdirector of
  • Chao Tsan WUshareholder of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  SIWAN ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 2 other companies

  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Wang, Mei-Meidirector of
• ●

  SKYLIGHT INVESTMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Chen, Wen-Lungshareholder of
  • SHEN, RUE-CHIENsecretary of
  • SHEN CHEN, WANG-YAOshareholder of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  Sonoran Investment Limited

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Lin Tzu-Yundirector of
• ●

  Spectrum International Inc.

  Also holds roles at 6 other companies

  • Hsiao, Wen-Taidirector of
  • Hsiao, Wen-Taisecretary of
  • Hsiao, Wen-Taishareholder of

  +3 more companies
• ●

  Superbia Investment, Inc.

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • JEN TSU CHONGshareholder of
  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Mikado Pheasant Investment, Incshareholder of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  Susanto Lim and Sugiharto Lim

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • New Dragon Corporationshareholder of
• ●

  TAK SHING LUNG TRADING LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Hung, Sheng-Hsiendirector of
  • Hung, Sheng-Hsiensecretary of
  • Hung, Sheng-Hsienshareholder of
• ●

  TAURUS CORPORATION

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Huang, Yuan-Taodirector of
  • Huang, Yuan-Taosecretary of
  • Huang, Yuan-Taoshareholder of
• ●

  Team Corp Industrial Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Wang, Wen-Woeidirector of
• ●

  TELLING INTERNATIONAL CORP.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Chi, Su-Yuandirector of
  • Chi, Su-Yuansecretary of
  • Chi, Su-Yuanshareholder of
• ●

  TEODORO INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Hsu, Chia-Wendirector of
  • Hsu, Chia-Wenshareholder of
  • T&J International Limitedsecretary of
• ●

  TEX R.L. INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 9 other companies

  • CHEN, YUNG-FENGdirector of
  • CHEN, YUNG-FENGshareholder of
  • CHEN, TER-FONGdirector of

  +6 more companies
• ●

  TIME CAPSULE GROUP LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Tsai Ying-Yingdirector of
  • Tsai Ying-Yingshareholder of
• ●

  TRANSMIGRATION CORPORATION

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • C & J Management Limitedsecretary of
  • Sakai Yoshikazudirector of
  • Sakai Yoshikazushareholder of
• ●

  TRIUNE INT'L CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Tsai, Chung-Chihdirector of
  • Tsai, Chung-Chihsecretary of
  • Tsai, Chung-Chihshareholder of
• ●

  Tuan, Jing-Hwa

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Pu-Ruey Investment CO., LTD. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?shareholder of
• ●

  TWN STAPLE & NAIL INC.

  Also holds roles at 1 other company

  • Huang, Lee-Chudirector of
• ●

  VITALWAY INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Kohya, Hidekishareholder of
  • Chen, Luan-Oshareholder of
  • Chen, Wei-Chuangdirector of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  W&J Investment Limited

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • Lee William Hungdirector of
  • Lee William Hungshareholder of
  • Lee Wei Chengdirector of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  WEALTH METROPOLIS GROUP LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • HSIAO, MEI-YUNdirector of
  • HSIAO, MEI-YUNshareholder of
  • Sectra (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
• ●

  Webnano Technology Corp.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Huanano Technology Corpshareholder of
  • Liao, Heng-Yidirector of
  • Liao, Heng-Yisecretary of
• ●

  WELL LINK ENTERPRISES CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Huang, Li-Jungdirector of
  • Huang, Li-Jungsecretary of
  • Huang, Li-Jungshareholder of
• ●

  Well Mind (Samoa) Enterprise Limited

  Also holds roles at 6 other companies

  • Harison Tsaodirector of
  • Harison Tsaosecretary of
  • Harison Tsaoshareholder of

  +3 more companies
• ●

  WISDOM BRAIN INTERNATIONAL LTD.

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • YU, MING-SHANdirector of
  • YU, MING-SHANsecretary of
  • YU, MING-SHANshareholder of
• ●

  WISHING POND ENTERPRISE LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • CHEN, HSUAN-CHIENdirector of
  • CHEN, HSUAN-CHIENsecretary of
  • CHEN, HSUAN-CHIENshareholder of
• ●

  WISHING POND INVESTMENT LIMITED

  Also holds roles at 6 other companies

  • Fu Lai Woshareholder of
  • Standard Authorised Associatessecretary of
  • Bearershareholder of

  +3 more companies
• ●

  YEU’S TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

  Also holds roles at 5 other companies

  • CAN YEU TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.shareholder of
  • Liu, Cheng-Fengdirector of
  • Liu, Cheng-Fengshareholder of

  +2 more companies
• ●

  YOUNG STAR CO., LTD

  Also holds roles at 3 other companies

  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • Chang, Chuan-Shudirector of
  • Chang, Chuan-Shushareholder of
• ●

  Z-TEK Electronics (Samoa) Co., Ltd.

  Also holds roles at 4 other companies

  • CHENG-CHIH-HSIENdirector of
  • Portcullis TrustNet (Samoa) Limitedsecretary of
  • LEE, CHENG-Idirector of

  +1 more company

109 parties · 0 current. Ceased and resigned records are retained as history.