---
title: "Investec Nominees (Jersey) Limited — Ownership Dossier"
canonical: https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5e2f4ac2-c348-56b2-83b2-0e54bd64e333
json: https://whiteintel.dev/api/public/dossier/5e2f4ac2-c348-56b2-83b2-0e54bd64e333
identifier: icij:icijol-12178062
jurisdiction: JE
risk: High
source: WhiteIntel corporate-ownership graph
---

# Investec Nominees (Jersey) Limited

**Type:** Organization  
**Jurisdiction:** JE  
**Identifier:** `icij:icijol-12178062`  
**Risk level:** High  
**Canonical dossier:** https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5e2f4ac2-c348-56b2-83b2-0e54bd64e333  
**Structured JSON / MCP:** https://whiteintel.dev/api/public/dossier/5e2f4ac2-c348-56b2-83b2-0e54bd64e333  

## Ownership & control

### Holdings / subsidiaries

- **RIDGELEY ENTERPRISES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/eb38ae81-b58a-523f-92c1-caf597e81b4c
- **GRANTON INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SERVICES INC.** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/1477e9c8-6816-5fe6-acce-841a3ebb4000
- **FAYRE DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/39bcbbc7-fe57-57d1-a22f-a917624031bc
- **GLENMERE VALLEY LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/eb5f069f-c487-5703-bd3a-ea7cd43bc8a3
- **GARRARD ADVISORS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/fcec1a96-4265-5ed1-84b1-a7f6581e9de6
- **FSL PERSONAL FACTORING SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/aa9be84d-92ce-51c0-b8fc-7d9001edcdee
- **VILLABELLA LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/1edecf3b-2baf-559b-bcfa-af57d8ebd094
- **BARTS RACING SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/0958606e-f159-5160-af2d-a0005853d999
- **MARKA PROPERTY HOLDINGS LTD** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/a8a6aa62-05a1-5fd8-83b7-cdb7be8a36e8
- **DIRAL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/931a7db0-273c-568e-a50a-4cd144131b41
- **REXBURGE INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/42567e60-7125-56d4-838a-9235c587c9d1
- **SILVER END LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/2a6e52aa-476e-571f-9a9d-571d0c8e6bdc
- **RML Inc.** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/85070da9-e488-5328-a160-572a53d002da
- **WESTCOURT PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/f5761568-e64f-5534-bc6a-7ef7e402335c
- **BACCARAT HOLDINGS LTD** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ab5fc15f-db86-54f8-a000-022dd058fc99
- **TRESCO HOLDING LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/c7dd01ce-adaf-5505-9392-ac09d5a5ab8b
- **EXCEL INTERNATIONAL SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/dafce07c-d5a0-5f18-ae14-796811e83b4f
- **Elvy Holdings Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/c17170a9-7874-50e0-b78b-d7a64f1df17b
- **SILVERGROVE RESOURCES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/e548f6ea-76b1-5030-9f2c-7e5871f2b39a
- **RIVERDELLE WORLDWIDE LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/3a04d23e-73bc-531c-a127-5fa353b25fd2
- **FARNENA GLOBAL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/981397d5-2f7a-5b79-bfb1-458976729d49
- **STAFFIN HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/32f713b1-f944-5428-880a-fd14470b1bd7
- **ChemEnergy Holdings Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/072d22a6-5907-58f8-8569-41c8392b28e6
- **Caswell Properties Ltd** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/05ad391f-805e-5f79-800c-c37d925ec12b
- **GLENISIA HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/89e6b2e9-d7f1-52f0-9d7b-e2d9e2bbff60
- **HAUTFORD LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ea92d6d0-76b1-532a-a45b-5895bf8df75a
- **WILDERSPIN LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/299a2e2d-d770-5077-975b-81d4ef63296a
- **SANITA GLOBAL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/c3ee9e08-b59e-540f-b041-66ed98d6c3a6
- **HOPE IN INDIA LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/89f7d5c9-e147-5116-b3ee-23f247e893ee
- **FERNLAND HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/b16c5567-26e4-5402-b253-d543026161b1
- **AIRCRAFT LEASING SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/3ef05b5b-057c-5ccd-b335-7661b74dcd93
- **Al Salaam Properties Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/f3cc53d4-22d9-52f7-a134-0119af95af5f
- **MARBERN LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/539fdca1-1182-5f8e-8b59-d26e59813991
- **Natasha Investments Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/dc75d0e6-42cc-53e2-92bd-2e64c6e039df
- **COPESTONE INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/6e39cef5-a683-5f79-87db-abbc55d9d9ea
- **CRAVENWAY LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/387ddc3d-d67f-5790-86e2-4c5f8101a449
- **CAVENOLA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5b761e7d-3d6e-51cc-8b17-4fe28bc2beaf
- **DEAKIN HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/a2c80307-4557-5311-8418-ae0500b9db2c
- **HENDERIK LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/06607558-ec14-528f-8d7e-bb5ed75783fa
- **HELIX PHARMACEUTICAL LTD** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/6b18d952-a7a7-5f67-8835-c10908a0205d
- **Vandana Investments Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/0a980e11-5944-5f6c-8946-333c9d545bd9
- **Amblegate Properties Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ccde9c66-bc69-5757-bad1-24b70af5f5b8
- **FREETONA LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/79cc2189-70eb-5f57-871c-3d1d1f4e47d0
- **GOODRANGE PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/1f1b9aba-0d3e-545b-8bf6-bc810c9ed4b0
- **MOOLSONS HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/6892bb67-65ac-512f-b775-0a759d5f1e85
- **FONTENELLA ASSETS INC** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/88f8b589-7c16-58d4-af7e-5fba44a0b5b9
- **OCEAN SECURITIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/eff04a13-7926-59a4-a8d0-95898ee90c60
- **RAANICO INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/943fa783-83ba-58a5-9cba-aa02c4219d10
- **RIVERMEADE INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/20e96a61-7a0a-5401-ac09-35528e812fe2
- **ASHVILLE CALNE LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/56254177-66ef-5b9c-baa4-1caec27d0188
- **WEST THORNBURY INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ed967bcc-efef-5a5c-af2e-d22ac7813547
- **GORSELANDS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/16ce7582-27e9-527b-8edc-11b9c14bb8c8
- **MEADOWSIDE HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d80a83cf-900e-5e54-9135-3ac54bb93997
- **JYCO CORPORATE SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/e0347170-aa18-5a7a-a883-6be3222d6f63
- **MARKFIELD INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/50e206e6-5970-5692-9e3f-1ddbab84df23
- **PARNITTA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/2a180c51-2e16-51c4-982e-237333f60dc0
- **HELSTON INTERNATIONAL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/1b7d2466-5df8-5878-a393-d62b0a523612
- **SOUTHWOLD INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/3e546aa1-ef16-5787-a11e-aab53fa28079
- **PLAISANCE LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/3c7ea226-aada-523a-ac13-d71e539134a3
- **VAGNEN LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/34731dea-fb3b-51a1-b8a6-c565d678f78a
- **MALZARD HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/4ac5eded-0c1b-5402-87bc-5fa0d6fbd991
- **ASHVILLE STAVERTON LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/2e95849b-c4b4-543c-a63d-1fce9e58c1ee
- **TIDEWAY HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/32dc31fa-6a2e-5d33-bfaf-1807d2ca0d9a
- **WESTMOUNT LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/492bb41d-5d1b-5b0b-ada0-0b1485417174
- **MAUKITO LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/01dcedfe-5027-550d-b1a6-106aff3cbf81
- **ACAMARA PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/17a75fd5-c70a-5994-9b80-063f6bd7dfb3
- **BALMORE CONSULTANTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/6484f921-1d81-5360-8043-ad6c6451adee
- **BETA TRUSTEES PTC) LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/3efa7693-ccbf-5519-9c9c-a05ece2d66c1
- **Havelock International Properties Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/2aa5106b-5b58-58bf-9d01-f52dd7ac93ec
- **OAKBEY PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d21a9979-d34b-5db9-a518-3579d01c137f
- **Mystic East Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/b46990df-593e-5f0f-8f14-447599dc6cff
- **RATIZA ENTERPRISES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/44e0c742-0545-5435-8259-e49e98b4f70a
- **RENENA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d1ccba4d-fa04-5301-a5bd-b075bd8f0712
- **AVENIDA SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5a832d00-59ee-5092-9f18-b5e7af5e1e0f
- **ARTKUNST LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/c5af6892-233d-566e-93a3-c145b620a57c
- **BRIMFIELD LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/876a05d4-55cf-5f0c-b6ec-fd961fa3debc
- **HARVEST GROUP HOLDING PTC) LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/380fe3ab-d1b8-59ad-97e0-183ba40f6a21
- **SEACROFT PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/6e7c6eaa-7b9e-5f9a-9a28-733763bfc8f0
- **TAPARI LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/55d30545-bfa4-54cf-8d99-2682ee58bbee
- **TCARR LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/a86ea95a-d7a1-5f7a-9e24-5b9ea111cd99
- **RAINBOW ZEST INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/1b6eea33-5d04-5003-b82c-47254ba355a1
- **ALDWICK INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/fb42f70f-edc6-5891-8b93-ef49887ab101
- **Link House Investments Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/263e3d64-3e16-56d3-b16e-92c3854e093d
- **BONIZA GLOBAL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ee3fafbc-9bc4-5389-a35e-033bf61a27e9
- **VALE PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d2d90664-7f6c-5a43-967d-723217dceb85
- **CROFTVALE PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/09ff6e78-acbf-5d8f-bec6-53992862eccd
- **STRATHEDEN INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/389ef96a-01be-5888-8bfe-1471577afc7b
- **CALZEN LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/7778103a-68ae-5f2d-83fb-f3588c6c4273
- **MAZENA OVERSEAS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/edafa497-4396-5947-a9cc-f194e1d17214
- **Pierson Finance Group Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/2b7caf1e-09d7-516b-9a08-c473202d03a8
- **Antwan Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5fe21a8c-02d6-5947-b458-500b9a6a16e5
- **Tewkesbury Investments Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/9b3363d6-d001-5457-8186-92d1c76bcda7
- **CLARINDA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/88b162c9-7a71-5666-b3ea-a21bd243b56d
- **C&P Investors Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ff921290-65cb-5c67-84dc-6063303621dc
- **DEGREE INTERNATIONAL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d721b2fd-95e5-5308-8e71-f215a53dfa48
- **HOLMHURST LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/16f48059-d079-5197-8869-21cc722bc5ed
- **SALKELD HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/aebddf5a-d983-5ea6-84e3-0f602d94b40d
- **HOTEL PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ce5037ab-74f4-5923-b5a6-a25fa16b4f4d
- **SARAMONA LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/bd0a2658-992d-54fc-b651-8324e5735696
- **HOLDAN PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d8d96423-4653-5572-a0c2-a1bb4330571c
- **LAKONIA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/b6369e5c-5b0e-56dd-87b0-2c29ca0705e0
- **LASCARDE INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/6731af2a-e1a0-5c75-8d03-ead2136f46df
- **TYNEVILLA HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/f395728b-3306-545e-a09b-de6b8e86d202
- **VALERINA PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/b2ae14c8-1ee8-5329-b68c-8450c7d805f6
- **AUTUMN SUN LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/b3eb5228-3b67-5e79-a835-2f0930b1300a
- **BHARAT HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/c0701fa7-5df4-59bd-8244-f0b967f764ec
- **Camerun Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/20301a56-f744-5db7-8739-536ccb81a4c1
- **Deeside Properties Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/0ed685cb-2eba-54dd-a105-32838eff26b7
- **EASTERTON LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/f21b78cc-d324-5e9c-b673-bda7579ad4a9
- **GRANGE SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/0f515700-9f34-5efa-a973-4f88d9ceb8a8
- **Cross Atlantic Investments Inc** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/e034073b-9ea1-5e5f-bb3a-02c8c7552cf0
- **VALMOSA LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5184e3d8-8e0a-5f45-b8f2-6a6aafcb5d1b
- **WOODCOTE PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/9e84f919-5733-560d-aede-26e86278bb49
- **GOLDEN TRAIL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d9b74247-50c1-5cca-9029-d35e07503bdf
- **NAPIER INTERNATIONAL LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/e284f33d-d8db-5121-8876-18dd0a3221b9
- **Stewarts Road Investments Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/66219550-d940-530d-9fdb-639946f66735
- **CAMPBELL SECURITIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/a8bc61d9-3d62-55be-8584-8a2f247fe2a9
- **MOOSE INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/f3277944-c5a4-55f6-9e06-ba2e6b9684c8
- **ACASIA CORPORATE SERVICES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/56b5ea62-ff21-5306-9fbc-d272f853b154
- **LEDA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/9727a484-0cd3-5472-99dd-fb37e506cdb3
- **MOULIN TRUSTEES PTC) LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5596955b-c668-5cc8-84c8-d0e2be2a0d82
- **ASHVILLE SOUTH WEST LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/660823c5-f164-5a35-a718-5e8dd32f6912
- **Noble Investments and Consulting Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/a5500073-6765-5654-a4aa-1e26c78e13e1
- **LOVENA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/e2a08505-372a-5aad-8c61-a05f3bf520b6
- **HELVIC HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/038353a2-db95-5565-83c8-98a1ba5c58b2
- **ENHANCE INC.** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/d17d8e51-464d-5946-b81f-a769cab39287
- **VALETRADE PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/ee4c4e78-264f-5460-a95b-d5137d3d8907
- **KERESSA INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/574a0a53-98db-5286-adf2-cec078db1b11
- **ROSELAND FINANCE LTD** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/393be877-1fa4-531b-b890-aa7d9a90e075
- **ASHVILLE STROUD LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/f3502e84-5c80-55d2-a531-53ec2cfab8b1
- **BANWELL HOLDINGS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/00f78008-b6ed-5121-bb68-06b90062b81e
- **CHEVERNY INVESTMENTS LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/c70bb9f5-84e4-5e88-9601-b1752ec8982e
- **SANDPIPER SECURITIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/eb4b2a8d-c95c-5c26-802b-3cd6899af13c
- **HAMELET LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/a6554c46-d5de-597c-9711-e6e282b4fafe
- **SEASON REALTY PTC) LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/bddb0d23-5495-5ed0-8161-9d7b9d4ed654
- **Intelligent Information Technology Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/e6c00805-3d6e-590e-861d-9807bc33738c
- **ZADALE LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/6e41cf53-63a3-5e01-bf90-de86d12cef21
- **WATERFRONT PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/2bb56850-b70e-507b-a9b3-c7c83756c798
- **RYTONA PROPERTIES LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/79f54ff5-c7c8-5317-a4f1-629d6d635742
- **Forestdene Limited** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/10dabc13-8877-55ab-aa85-e51fbce57777
- **CLASSIC OAK LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/a5ccbdab-5d3b-5422-b955-57036e41efa6
- **MOTAGE LIMITED** (shareholder of) — https://whiteintel.dev/entity/58eac7a5-c081-5e1e-a2b7-8064a2fbd006

## Provenance

- ICIJ Offshore Leaks — https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/nodes/12178062

---

_This is the markdown-for-agents view of the WhiteIntel dossier for **Investec Nominees (Jersey) Limited**. Human view: https://whiteintel.dev/entity/5e2f4ac2-c348-56b2-83b2-0e54bd64e333 · Structured JSON: https://whiteintel.dev/api/public/dossier/5e2f4ac2-c348-56b2-83b2-0e54bd64e333._

_Risk levels are heuristic investigative leads, not legal determinations of beneficial ownership. Every claim carries a source; an absent edge means "not yet observed in current sources", not "does not exist"._